The Turning Stitch Family (TS)

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There are several different nalbinding stitches, and some of them have been known in many places, so they may have more than one name.

On this website I follow the classification of stitches by Toini-Inkeri Kaukonen (1960), but I have also included some of the names which have been well-established abroad, ie outside Finland. I have added the subgroups (variant 2, 2b, 3) afterwards, they are not part of Kaukonen's original classification.

Here is an incomplete list of nalbinding stitches (link). 

The 1st number means how many loops there are around thumb
the 2nd and 3rd number shows how many loops are picked up onto the needle
tr = Turn needle tip to Right
tl = Turn needle tip to Left

Turning Stitch
Last loop is turned (needle tip to 3 o'clock -->)

1+tr  
2+tr
3+tr
1+1+tr  
1+2+tr  
1+3+tr   
1+4+tr 

2+1+tr (Vajanto)
2+1+tr, plaited edge (Vajanto)
2+2+tr, "Finnish Turning Stitch", Rautjärvi
2+2+tr, plaited edge, F2, Parikkala
2+2+tr, F1, plaited edge (Kaukonen's article)
2+2+tr, plaited edge, M1 (Variant L; Westman)
2+3+tr
2+4+tr, F1 or F2, Metsäpirtti 2B 

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Turning Stitch, variant 2 
A loop in the middle "in Russian" (needle tip to 9 o'clock <--)

1+tl+1, Arboga
1+tl+2  
1+tl+3, F2, Näshulta   
2+tl+1
2+tl+2, Joutseno 1, Antrea
2+tl+3, Karbenning   

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Turning Stitch, variant 2b
A loop in the middle is turned (needle tip to 3 o'clock -->)

1+tr+1  
1+tr+2  
1+tr+3  
2+tr+1
2+tr+2, Joutseno 2
2+tr+3


- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Turning Stitch, variant 3
First loop is "in Russian" (needle tip to 9 o'clock <--)

turn left+1  
tl+2
tl+3


- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Mordovian, under 4 + turn + through old turned st + under 2 + over 4
Mentioned in T-I Kaukonen's article (1960), there's a photo and a drawn diagram, but the connection stitch is not shown, and the written description is rather unclear.